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New Mexico Arts Art in Public Places Program Announces the 2019 New Mexico Only Purchase Initiative

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American philanthropic organization

The Rockefeller Foundation
The Rockefeller Foundation Logo.png
Founded May 14, 1913; 108 years ago  (1913-05-xiv)
Founders John D. Rockefeller
John D. Rockefeller Jr.
Frederick Taylor Gates
Blazon Non-operating private foundation
(IRS exemption status): 501(c)(3)[i]
Location
  • 420 Fifth Avenue, New York City, New York, U.S.
Method Endowment

Key people

 Rajiv Shah
(president)
Endowment $4.i billion (2016)[2]
Website rockefellerfoundation.org

The Rockefeller Foundation is an American private foundation based at 420 Fifth Avenue, New York City.[three] Information technology was established by the Rockefeller family unit in New York Land on May 14, 1913, when its lease was formally accepted by the New York Country Legislature.[4] The foundation was started by Standard Oil co-founder John D. Rockefeller ("Senior"), along with his son John D. Rockefeller Jr. ("Junior"), and Senior's principal business and philanthropic advisor, Frederick Taylor Gates.

As of 2015, the foundation was ranked as the 39th largest U.Due south. foundation by total giving.[v] By the terminate of 2016, assets were tallied at $4.1 billion (unchanged from 2015), with annual grants of $173 million.[6]

According to the OECD, the foundation provided Us$103.8 one thousand thousand for evolution in 2019.[7]

Leadership [edit]

On January five, 2017, the board of trustees announced the option of Dr. Rajiv Shah to serve as the 13th president of the foundation.[8] Shah became the youngest person, at 43,[9] and beginning Indian-American to serve equally president of the foundation.[10] He assumed the position March 1, succeeding Judith Rodin who served equally president for nearly twelve years and appear her retirement, at historic period 71, in June 2016.[11] A former president of the Academy of Pennsylvania, Rodin was the kickoff woman to head the foundation.[12] Rodin in plough had succeeded Gordon Conway in 2005.

Beginnings [edit]

John D Rockefeller first had the notion to gear up a large-scale foundation in 1901, but it was not until 1906 that Senior's business and philanthropic advisor, Frederick Taylor Gates, seriously revived the idea, maxim that Rockefeller'due south fortune was rolling up and so fast his heirs would "dissipate their inheritances or become intoxicated with power", unless he set up "permanent corporate philanthropies for the adept of Mankind".[13]

In 1906, the Russell Sage Foundation was established, though its program was limited to working women and social ills. Rockefeller's would thus non exist the first foundation in America (Benjamin Franklin was the get-go to introduce the concept), but information technology brought to an international scale and scope. In 1909 he signed over 73,000 shares of Standard Oil of New Jersey, valued at $fifty million, to the three inaugural trustees, Junior, Gates and Harold Fowler McCormick, the first installment of a projected $100 1000000 endowment.[13]

They practical for a federal charter for the foundation in the US Senate in 1910, with at one phase Inferior fifty-fifty secretly meeting with President William Howard Taft, through the aegis of Senator Nelson Aldrich, to hammer out concessions.[ citation needed ] However, because of the ongoing (1911) antitrust suit against Standard Oil at the time, along with deep suspicion in some quarters of undue Rockefeller influence on the spending of the endowment, the result was that Senior and Gates withdrew the bill from Congress in order to seek a state charter.[13]

On May fourteen, 1913, New York Governor William Sulzer approved a state charter for the foundation with Junior condign the outset president. With its large-scale endowment, a large part of Senior's fortune was insulated from inheritance taxes.[13]

Early grants and connections [edit]

The get-go secretarial assistant of the foundation was Jerome Davis Greene, the erstwhile secretary of Harvard Academy, who wrote a "memorandum on principles and policies" for an early on meeting of the trustees that established a rough framework for the foundation's work. On December 5, the Lath made its offset grant of $100,000 to the American Ruddy Cross to purchase property for its headquarters in Washington, D.C.[xiv] At the start the foundation was global in its arroyo and concentrated in its first decade entirely on the sciences, public health and medical education.

It was initially located within the family office at Standard Oil's headquarters at 26 Broadway, later (in 1933) shifting to the GE Building (and then RCA), along with the newly named family role, Room 5600, at Rockefeller Center; afterwards it moved to the Fourth dimension-Life Building in the eye, before shifting to its current 5th Avenue address.

In 1913, the foundation gear up the International Health Commission (subsequently Board), the first appropriation of funds for work outside the US, which launched the foundation into international public health activities. This expanded the work of the Sanitary Commission worldwide, working against various diseases in fifty-ii countries on 6 continents and 20-ix islands, bringing international recognition of the demand for public health and ecology sanitation. Its early field research on hookworm, malaria, and yellow fever provided the bones techniques to control these diseases and established the design of modern public health services.[xv]

The commission established and endowed the schoolhouse of Hygiene and Public Health, at Johns Hopkins University, and later at Harvard, then spent more $25 million in developing other public health schools in the US and in 21 foreign countries – helping to institute America as the world leader in medicine and scientific research. In 1913, it as well began a xx-year support program of the Agency of Social Hygiene, whose mission was inquiry and education on birth command, maternal health and sex activity educational activity.

Europe [edit]

In the interwar years, the Foundation's support of public wellness, nursing, and social work in Eastern and Central Europe was a concentrated effort to advance medicine and create a global network of medical research.[16] Later on World War II information technology sent a team to West Germany to investigate how it could go involved in reconstructing the state. They focused on restoring democracy, specially regarding pedagogy and scientific research, with the long-term goal of reintegrating Germany into the Western world.[17]

Although the United States never joined the League of Nations, American philanthropies came heavily involved, specially the Rockefeller Foundation. It made major grants designed to build upward the technical expertise of the leak staff. Ludovic Tournès said that by the 1930s the foundations had changed the League from a "Parliament of Nations" to a modernistic call back tank that used specialized expertise to provide in-depth impartial assay of international issues.[18]

Communist china Medical Board [edit]

In 1914, the foundation prepare up the People's republic of china Medical Board, which established the first public health academy in People's republic of china, the Peking Union Medical College, in 1921; this was subsequently nationalized when the Communists took over the country in 1949. In the same year it began a program of international fellowships to train scholars at many of the world'due south universities at the post-doctoral level; a fundamental commitment to the education of futurity leaders.

Section of Industrial Relations [edit]

Also in 1914, the trustees set upwards a new Section of Industrial Relations, inviting William Lyon Mackenzie King to caput it. He became a close and key advisor to Junior through the Ludlow Massacre, turning around his mental attitude to unions; however the foundation'south interest in IR was criticized for advancing the family's business concern interests.[nineteen] The foundation henceforth confined itself to funding responsible organizations involved in this and other controversial fields, which were beyond the control of the foundation itself.[20]

Psychiatry [edit]

During the late-1920s, the Rockefeller Foundation created the Medical Sciences Division, which emerged from the sometime Division of Medical Education. The partitioning was led by Dr. Richard Thou. Pearce until his death in 1930, to which Alan Gregg succeeded him until 1945.[21] During this period, the Partition of Medical Sciences was known for making large contributions to enquiry across several fields of psychiatry. The 1930s was one of the most prominent decades in Rockefeller Foundation philanthropy to psychiatric research, as the foundation set up a goal to find, train, and encourage scholars for research and practice.[22] Ane of the first large contributions from the Foundation to psychiatric enquiry was in 1935, with the appropriation of $100000 to the Institute for Psychoanalysis in Chicago.[23] This grant was renewed in 1938, with payments extending into the early-1940s.[24]

[edit]

Through the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial (LSRM), established by Senior in 1918 and named after his wife, the Rockefeller fortune was for the first time directed to supporting inquiry by social scientists. During its first few years of work, the LSRM awarded funds primarily to social workers, with its funding decisions guided primarily by Junior. In 1922, Beardsley Ruml was hired to direct the LSRM, and he almost decisively shifted the focus of Rockefeller philanthropy into the social sciences, stimulating the founding of university inquiry centers, and creating the Social Scientific discipline Research Council. In January 1929, LSRM funds were folded into the Rockefeller Foundation, in a major reorganization.[25]

Junior became the foundation chairman in 1917. One of the many prominent trustees of the institution since has been C. Douglas Dillon, the U.s. Secretary of the Treasury under both Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.

Eugenics and Nazi racial studies [edit]

Get-go in 1930, the Rockefeller Foundation provided fiscal support to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Man Heredity, and Eugenics,[26] which later inspired and conducted eugenics experiments in Nazi Deutschland.

The Rockefeller Foundation funded Nazi racial studies even after it was articulate that this research was being used to rationalize the demonizing of Jews and other groups. Up until 1939, the Rockefeller Foundation was funding inquiry used to support Nazi racial science studies at the Kaiser Wilhelm Constitute of Anthropology, Human being Heredity, and Eugenics (KWIA.) Reports submitted to Rockefeller did non hide what these studies were being used to justify. Still, Rockefeller continued the funding and refrained from criticizing this research so closely derived from Nazi ideology. The Rockefeller Foundation did non warning "the world to the nature of German language science and the racist folly" that German language anthropology promulgated. Rockefeller funded for years after the passage of the 1935 Nuremberg racial laws.[27]

The Rockefeller Foundation, along with the Carnegie Institution, was the primary financier for the Eugenics Record Part, until 1939.[28]

Harvard International Seminars [edit]

The foundation also supported the early initiatives of Henry Kissinger, such as his directorship of Harvard's International Seminars (funded as well by the Central Intelligence Agency) and the early foreign policy magazine Confluence, both established past him while he was still a graduate student.[29]

Programs: scale and scope [edit]

Siyuan Hall, 1923 Rockefeller Foundation donated to Nankai University in Tianjin. At present information technology is Nankai University School of Medicine.

Through the years the foundation has expanded greatly in scope. Historically, information technology has given more than than $fourteen billion in current dollars[30] to thousands of grantees worldwide and has assisted directly in the training of almost thirteen,000 Rockefeller Fellows.

Its overall philanthropic activity has been divided into five principal subject areas:[31]

  • Medical, health, and population sciences
  • Agricultural and natural sciences
  • Arts and humanities
  • Social sciences
  • International relations

In the 1920s, the Rockefeller Foundation started a program to eradicate hookworm in Mexico. The program demonstrated the time period'south confidence in science equally the solution for everything.[32] This reliance on science was known equally scientific neutrality. The Rockefeller Foundation program stated that in that location was a crucial correlation between the globe of science, politics and international health policy. This heavy reliance on scientific neutrality contradicted the hookworm programme's fundamental objective to invest in public health in order to develop better social conditions and to constitute positive ties between the United States and Mexico.[33] The Hookworm Campaign set the terms of the human relationship between Mexico and the Rockefeller Foundation that persisted through subsequent programs including the development of a network of local public health departments. The importance of the hookworm campaign was to get a pes in the door and swiftly convince rural people of the value of public wellness work. The roles of the RF'due south hookworm entrada are characteristic of the policy paradoxes that emerge when scientific discipline is summoned to drive policy. The entrada in Mexico served every bit a policy cauldron through which new knowledge could be demonstrated applicative to social and political issues on many levels.[34]

A major program beginning in the 1930s was the relocation of German language (Jewish) scholars from German universities to America. This was expanded to other European countries afterwards the Anschluss occurred; when state of war broke out it became a full-scale rescue functioning. Another program, the Emergency Rescue Committee was too partly funded with Rockefeller coin; this attempt resulted in the rescue of some of the most famous artists, writers and composers of Europe. Some of the notable figures relocated or saved (out of a total of 303 scholars) by the Foundation were Thomas Mann, Claude Lévi-Strauss and Leó Szilárd, enriching intellectual life and academic disciplines in the US. This came to light afterwards through a brief, unpublished history of the Foundation'due south programme.[35]

Another plan was its Medical Sciences Division, which funded women's contraception and the human reproductive system in full general. Other funding went into endocrinology departments in American universities, human heredity, mammalian biology, human physiology and anatomy, psychology, and the studies of human sexual behavior by Dr. Alfred Kinsey.[36]

In 1950, the Foundation mounted a major program of virus inquiry, establishing field laboratories in Poona, India; Port of Kingdom of spain, Trinidad; Belém, Brazil; Johannesburg, South Africa; Cairo, Egypt; Ibadan, Nigeria; and Cali, Colombia.[ citation needed ] In time, major funding was also contributed by the countries involved, while in Trinidad the British government and neighbouring British-controlled territories also assisted. Sub-professional staff were almost all recruited locally and, wherever possible, local people were given scholarships and other support to exist professionally trained. In most cases, locals eventually took over management of the facilities. Support was besides given to research on viruses in many other countries. The result of all this research was the identification of a huge number of viruses affecting humans, the development of new techniques for the rapid identification of viruses, and a breakthrough bound in our agreement of arthropod-borne viruses.[37]

In the arts it has helped constitute or back up the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in Ontario, Canada, and the American Shakespeare Festival in Stratford, Connecticut; Loonshit Stage in Washington, D.C.; Karamu Business firm in Cleveland, Ohio; and Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York. In a contempo shift[ when? ] in program emphasis, President Rodin eliminated the division that spent money on the arts, the creativity and culture program. One program that signals the shift was the foundation'due south support as the underwriter of Fasten Lee'southward documentary on New Orleans, When the Levees Bankrupt. The film has been used as the basis for a curriculum on poverty, developed past the Teachers College at Columbia University for their students.[38]

Many scientists and scholars from all over the world have received foundation fellowships and scholarships for advanced report in major scientific disciplines. In add-on, the foundation has provided significant and ofttimes substantial research grants to finance conferences and help with published studies, also equally funding departments and programs, to a vast range of foreign policy and educational organizations, including:[ citation needed ]

  • Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) – Especially the notable 1939-45 State of war and Peace Studies that advised the The states State Section and the US government on Earth War II strategy and forward planning
  • Royal Institute of International Diplomacy (RIIA) in London
  • Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington – Back up of the diplomatic training plan
  • Brookings Establishment in Washington – Significant funding of research grants in the fields of economical and social studies
  • World Bank in Washington – Helped finance the training of foreign officials through the Economic Development Found
  • Harvard University – Grants to the Center for International Diplomacy and medical, business and assistants Schools
  • Yale University – Substantial funding to the Institute of International Studies
  • Princeton University – Office of Population Enquiry
  • Columbia Academy – Establishment of the Russian federation Constitute
  • University of the Philippines, Los Baños – Funded research for the College of Agriculture and built an international house for strange students
  • McGill Academy – The Rockefeller Foundation funded the Montreal Neurological Institute, on the request of Dr. Wilder Penfield, a Canadian neurosurgeon, who had met David Rockefeller years before
  • Library of Congress – Funded a project for photographic copies of the consummate card catalogues for the world's l leading libraries
  • Bodleian Library at Oxford University – Grant for a building to house five million volumes
  • Population Council of New York – Funded fellowships
  • Social Science Research Council – Major funding for fellowships and grants-in-aid
  • National Agency of Economic Research[39]
  • National Institute of Public Health of Japan (formerly The Institute of Public Wellness ( 国立公衆衛生院 , Kokuritsu Kōshū Eisei-in ) "School of Public Wellness"ja) in Tokyo (1938)
  • Group of Xxx – In 1978 the Foundation invited Geoffrey Bell to set up this high-powered and influential informational group on global financial issues, whose former chairman was longtime Rockefeller associate Paul Volcker, until his decease in 2019[40]
  • London Schoolhouse of Economics – funded research and general budget
  • Academy of Lyon, France – funded research in natural sciences, social sciences, medicine and the new building of the medical schoolhouse during the 1920s-1930s
  • The Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory
  • The Results for Development Institute – funded the Heart for Wellness Market Innovations
  • Mahidol University in Thailand

Notable programs [edit]

The Rockefeller Foundation has accomplished some notable achievements, such as:

  • Financially supported education in the United States "without distinction of race, sex or creed"[41]
  • Helped establish the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in the United Kingdom;
  • Established the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and Harvard School of Public Health, two of the start such institutions in the United States;[42] [43]
  • Established the School of Hygiene at the Academy of Toronto in 1927;[44]
  • Developed the vaccine to prevent yellow fever;[45] [46]
  • Helped The New School provide a haven for scholars threatened by the Nazis[47]

The foundation also funded several infamous projects:

  • Various German eugenics programs, including the laboratory of Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, for whom Josef Mengele worked before he went to Auschwitz.
  • The construction of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute'due south Institute for Brain Inquiry with a $317,000 grant in 1929, with continuing support for the establish'due south operations nether Ernst Rüdin over the next several years.[48]
  • An experiment conducted past Vanderbilt University in the 1940s where they gave 800 meaning women radioactive iron,[49] [50] 751 of which were pills,[51] without their consent.[50] In a 1969 article published in the American Periodical of Epidemiology, information technology was estimated that three children had died from the experiment.[51]

The Green Revolution [edit]

Agriculture was introduced to the Natural Sciences segmentation of the foundation in the major reorganization of 1928. In 1941, the foundation gave a small grant to Mexico for maize enquiry, in collaboration with the then new president, Manuel Ávila Camacho. This was done after the intervention of vice-president Henry Wallace and the involvement of Nelson Rockefeller; the primary intention existence to stabilise the Mexican Government and derail any possible communist infiltration, in order to protect the Rockefeller family's investments.[52]

By 1943, this program, nether the foundation'south Mexican Agriculture Project, had proved such a success with the science of corn propagation and general principles of agronomy that it was exported to other Latin American countries; in 1956, the program was then taken to India; once again with the geopolitical imperative of providing an antidote to communism.[52] Information technology wasn't until 1959 that senior foundation officials succeeded in getting the Ford Foundation (and later USAID, and later still, the World Banking company) to sign on to the major philanthropic project, known now to the globe as the Green Revolution. It was originally conceived in 1943 as CIMMYT, the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center in Mexico. Information technology besides provided significant funding for the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines. Part of the original program, the funding of the IRRI was afterwards taken over by the Ford Foundation.[52] The International Rice Research Establish and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center are part of a consortium of agricultural research organizations known as CGIAR.[53]

Costing effectually $600 meg, over 50 years, the revolution brought new farming engineering, increased productivity, expanded crop yields and mass fertilization to many countries throughout the world. Later it funded over $100 1000000 of plant biotechnology enquiry and trained over 4 hundred scientists from Asia, Africa and Latin America. It also invested in the product of transgenic crops, including rice and maize. In 1999, the and then president Gordon Conway addressed the Monsanto Company board of directors, alert of the possible social and ecology dangers of this biotechnology, and requesting them to disavow the utilise of so-chosen terminator genes;[54] the visitor later complied.

In the 1990s, the foundation shifted its agriculture work and accent to Africa; in 2006, it joined with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation[55] in a $150 million attempt to fight hunger in the continent through improved agricultural productivity. In an interview marking the 100 year anniversary of the Rockefeller Foundation, Judith Rodin explained to This Is Africa that Rockefeller has been involved in Africa since their beginning in three master areas – health, agriculture and pedagogy, though agriculture has been and continues to exist their largest investment in Africa.[56]

Bellagio Center [edit]

The foundation besides owns and operates the Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center in Bellagio, Italy. The Center comprises several buildings, spread across a 50-acre (200,000 m2) property, on the peninsula between lakes Como and Lecco in Northern Italy. The eye is sometimes colloquially referred to as the Villa Serbelloni. The Villa is but i of the many buildings in which residents and conference participants are housed. The property was ancestral to the Foundation in 1959 under the presidency of Dean Rusk (who was later to go U.S. President Kennedy's secretary of state). The Bellagio Middle operates both a conference heart and a residency program.[57] The residency program is a highly competitive program to which scholars, artists, writers, musicians, scientists, policymakers and development professionals from around the world can apply to work on a project of their own choosing for a period of four weeks. The essence of the program is the synergy obtained by the interaction between people coming from the nearly diverse backgrounds. Numerous Nobel laureates, Pulitzer winners, National Book Honour recipients, Prince Mahidol Award winners and MacArthur fellows, as well as several acting and former heads of State and Government, have been in residence at Bellagio.

[edit]

The network is enabled by the Rockefeller Foundation for collaboration between experts and communication professionals that include grassroots/community-based and international not-governmental organizations, as well every bit multilateral and bilateral entities. Its interest in AIDS prevention was based on promoting deep-rooted social changes that stalk from informed and inclusive public engagement. However, it recognized that wide-scale educational campaigns focused on altering individual behavior played a critical role.

The strategy and principles linked with the network are listed below:

  • "Sustainability of social modify is more than probable if the individuals and communities most affected own the process and content of advice."[58]
  • "Communication for social change should be empowering, horizontal (versus top-downwardly), give a phonation to the previously unheard members of the community, and be biased towards local content and ownership."[58]
  • "Communities should be the agents of their own change."[58]
  • "Accent should shift from persuasion and the manual of information from outside technical experts to dialogue, debate and negotiation on problems that resonate with members of the community."[58]
  • "Accent on outcomes should go beyond individual behaviour to social norms, policies, civilisation and the supporting environment."[58]

100 Resilient Cities [edit]

In December 2013, The Rockefeller Foundation launched the 100 Resilient Cities initiative, which was dedicated to promoting urban resilience, defined equally "the capacity of individuals, communities, institutions, businesses, and systems within a city to survive, adapt, and abound no thing what kinds of chronic stresses and acute shocks they feel."[59]

Through its program, 100 Resilient Cities offered cities the following resources:[60]

  • Financial and logistical guidance for establishing an innovative new position in urban center government, a Chief Resilience Officer, who will lead the city'southward resilience efforts
  • Good support for development of a robust resilience strategy
  • Access to solutions, service providers, and partners from the private, public and NGO sectors who can help them develop and implement their resilience strategies
  • Membership of a global network of fellow member cities who tin larn from and assistance each other

A total of 100 cities across half dozen continents were part of the program.[61] All 100 cities developed individual City Resilience Strategies with technical support from a Chief Resilience Officer (CRO), funded by the program. The CRO ideally reports directly to the urban center's chief executive and helps coordinate all the resilience efforts in a single city.

In January 2016, the Usa Section of Housing and Urban Development announced winners of its National Disaster Resilience Competition (NDRC), awarding 3 100RC fellow member cities – New York, NY; Norfolk, VA; and New Orleans, LA – with more than than $437 million in disaster resilience funding.[62] The grant was the largest always received by the city of Norfolk.

In April 2019, it was announced that the Rockefeller Foundation would no longer exist funding the 100 Resilient Cities program as a whole. Some elements of the initiative'due south work, almost prominently the funding of several cities' Master Resilience Officer roles, continues to be managed and funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, while other aspects of the program continue in the class of two independent organizations, Resilient Cities Catalyst (RCC) and the Global Resilient Cities Network (GRCN), founded by former 100RC leadership and staff.[63] [64]

Cultural Innovation Fund [edit]

The Cultural Innovation Fund is a airplane pilot grant program that is overseen past Lincoln Center for the Arts. The Rockefeller Foundation selected Lincoln Center to administer the fund based on the institutions steady rails tape in creating community based partnerships and implementing art based programs.[65] [66] The grants are to be used towards innovative ideas that would bring fine art access and foster cultural opportunities in the underserved areas of Brooklyn and the Southward Bronx[67] with iii overarching goals.

  • Increase access to the arts in underserved neighborhoods effectually New York City
  • increase the "places and platforms" where cultural activities are taking place
  • support nonprofit organizations in implementing cultural based programs and strategies[66]

Family involvement [edit]

The Rockefeller family helped lead the foundation in its early years, simply later express itself to i or two representatives, to maintain the foundation'due south independence and avoid charges of undue family influence. These representatives have included the former president John D. Rockefeller Iii, and and so his son John D. Rockefeller, IV, who gave upward the trusteeship in 1981. In 1989, David Rockefeller'due south daughter, Peggy Dulany, was appointed to the board for a 5-year term.

In October 2006, David Rockefeller, Jr. joined the board of trustees, re-establishing the straight family link and condign the sixth family member to serve on the board. By contrast, the Ford Foundation has severed all direct links with the Ford family.[ citation needed ]

Stock in the family's oil companies had been a major role of the foundation's assets, starting time with Standard Oil and after with its corporate descendants, including Exxon Mobil.[68] [69] [70] In December 2020, the foundation pledged to dump their fossil fuel holdings. With a $5 billion endowment, the Rockefeller Foundation was "the largest U.s.a. foundation to embrace the rapidly growing divestment motility." CNN writer Matt Egan noted, "This divestment is especially symbolic considering the Rockefeller Foundation was founded by oil money."[71]

Historical legacy [edit]

The 2d-oldest major philanthropic institution in America, later the Carnegie Corporation, the foundation's impact on philanthropy in full general has been profound. It has supported United Nations programs throughout its history, such as the recent First Global Forum On Homo Evolution, organized by the United Nations Evolution Programme (UNDP) in 1999.[72]

The early institutions it fix take served as models for current organizations: the UN'southward World Health Organisation, prepare in 1948, is modeled on the International Wellness Division; the U.S. Government'south National Scientific discipline Foundation (1950) on its approach in support of research, scholarships and institutional development; and the National Institute of Health (1950) imitated its longstanding medical programs.[73]

Current trustees [edit]

Every bit of June i, 2021[74]

* Admiral James Thou. Stavridis (chair), 2018-, retired United States Navy; Supreme Centrolineal Commander at NATO, 2009–2013, Operating Executive, The Carlyle Group; chair of the Board of Counselors, McLarty Associates

  • Agnes Binagwaho, 2019-, Vice-Chancellor, The Academy of Global Health Equity, Rwanda
  • Mellody Hobson, 2018-, President, Ariel Investments
  • Donald Kaberuka, 2015-, former president, African Evolution Depository financial institution Group, Rwanda Minister of Finance and Economic Planning between 1997 and 2005.
  • Martin Fifty. Leibowitz, 2012-, Vice-chairman, Morgan Stanley Research Department's Global Strategy Squad; formerly TIAA-CREF (1995 to 2004) and 26 years with Salomon Brothers
  • Yifei Li, 2013-, state chair, Man Group China
  • Ndidi Okonkwo Nwuneli, 2019-, co-founder, Sahel Consulting
  • Paul Polman, 2019-, chair, International Chamber of Commerce, The B Squad; Former CEO, Unilever
  • Sharon Percy Rockefeller, 2017-, President & CEO, WETA-TV
  • Juan Manuel Santos, 2020-, Former President of Republic of colombia & Recipient of 2016 Nobel Peace Prize
  • Dr. Rajiv Shah, 2017-, President of the Foundation and ex-officio member of the board; served every bit a Rockefeller Foundation Trustee, 2015–2017; one-time ambassador of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) from 2010 to 2017.
  • Adam Silver, 2020-, Commissioner, National Basketball Clan (NB)
  • Patty Stonesifer, 2019-, former President & CEO, Martha'southward Tabular array; sometime CEO and co-chair, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
  • Ravi Venkatesan, 2014-, erstwhile chairman, Depository financial institution of Baroda; former Chairman Microsoft India (2004–2011) and Cummins India; Special Representative for Young People and Innovation, UNICEF

Past trustees [edit]

include:
  • Alan Alda, 1989–1994 – thespian and moving-picture show director.[75]
  • Winthrop Due west. Aldrich 1935–1951 – chairman of the Chase National Bank, 1934–1953; Ambassador to the Court of St. James, 1953–1957.
  • John W. Davis 1922–1939 – J. P. Morgan's private attorney; founding president of the Council on Foreign Relations.
  • C. Douglas Dillon 1960–1961 – US Treasury Secretary, 1961–1965; member of the Quango on Foreign Relations.[76]
  • Orvil E. Dryfoos 1960–1963 – publisher of The New York Times, 1961–1963.
  • Peggy Dulany, 1989–1994 – Fourth child of David Rockefeller; founder and president of Synergos.[75]
  • John Foster Dulles 1935–1952 (chairman) – The states Secretary of Country, 1953–1959; senior partner, Sullivan & Cromwell law firm.[77]
  • Charles William Eliot 1914–1917 – president of Harvard, 1869–1909.
  • John Robert Evans 1982 -1996 (chairman) – president of the University of Toronto 1972–1978; founding director of the Population, Health and Nutrition Section of the World Bank[78]
  • Ann M. Fudge, 2006–2015, one-time chairman and CEO, Young & Rubicam Brands, New York
  • Frederick Taylor Gates 1913–1923 – John D. Rockefeller Sr.'s principal advisor.
  • Helene D. Gayle, 20010–2019, president and CEO of Care.
  • Stephen Jay Gould 1993–2002 – author; professor and curator, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.
  • Rajat Gupta, 2006–11, onetime director, Goldman Sachs, Procter & Gamble, AMR Corporation; Special Advisor to the UN Secretary-Full general; erstwhile managing managing director, McKinsey & Company.
  • Wallace Harrison 1951–1961 – Rockefeller family architect; atomic number 82 architect for the Un Headquarters complex.
  • Thomas J. Healey, 2003–2012, partner, Healey Development LLC; teaching class at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Regime; formerly with Goldman Sachs and an Assistant Secretarial assistant of the U.S. Treasury.
  • Alice S. Huang, senior faculty acquaintance, California Plant of Technology.
  • Charles Evans Hughes 1917–1921; 1925–1928 – Chief Justice of the U.s.a., 1930–1941.
  • Robert A. Lovett 1949–1961 – U.s. Secretary of Defense, 1951–1953.
  • Monica Lozano, 2012–2018, CEO, ImpreMedia, LLC
  • Yo-Yo Ma 1999–2002 – cellist.
  • Strive Masiyiwa, 2003–2018, Republic of zimbabwe a businessman and cellphone pioneer, founding Econet Wireless.
  • Jessica T. Mathews, president, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C.
  • John J. McCloy chairman: 1946–1949; 1953–1958 – prominent US presidential counselor; chairman of the Ford Foundation, 1958–1965; chairman of the council on Strange Relations.
  • Pecker Moyers 1969–1981 – announcer.
  • Diana Natalicio, 2004–2014, president, The Academy of Texas at El Paso
  • Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, 2009–2018, Finance Minister of Nigeria; former managing director of the World Bank; former Foreign Minister of Nigeria.
  • Sandra Day O'Connor, 2006–2013, associate justice, retired, Supreme Courtroom of the The states
  • James F. Orr, 3, (board chair), president and chief executive officeholder, LandingPoint Capital letter, Boston, Massachusetts.
  • Richard Parsons, 2007–2021, chairman of the board, Citigroup Inc.
  • Surin Pitsuwan, 2010–2012, secretary general of ASEAN (2007–2012)[79] and Thai politician.
  • Mamphela Ramphele, chairperson, Circumvolve Capital Ventures, Greatcoat Town, Due south Africa.
  • David Rockefeller Jr., 2006–2016, chair of foundation lath Dec. 2010- ; vice-chairman of Rockefeller Family & Associates; manager and former chair, Rockefeller & Co., Inc.; current trustee of the Museum of Modern Fine art.
  • John D. Rockefeller 1913–1923.
  • John D. Rockefeller Jr. chairman: 1917–1939.
  • John D. Rockefeller III chairman: 1952–1972.
  • John D. Rockefeller IV 1976–81.
  • Judith Rodin, president of the foundation (2005-2016); ex-officio member of the lath
  • Julius Rosenwald 1917–1931 – chairman of Sears Roebuck, 1932–1939.
  • John Rowe M.D., 2007–2019, professor at the Columbia University Mailman Schoolhouse of Public Health; one-time chairman and CEO of Aetna Inc.
  • Dean Rusk 1950–1961 – US Secretary of State, 1961–1969.
  • Raymond W. Smith, chairman, Rothschild, Inc., New York; chairman of Arlington Capital Partners; chairman of Verizon Ventures; and a trustee of the Carnegie Corporation of New York.
  • Frank Stanton 1961–1966? – president of CBS, 1946–1971.
  • Arthur Hays Sulzberger 1939–1957 – publisher of The New York Times, 1935–1961.
  • Paul Volcker 1975–1979 – chairman, board of governors, Federal Reserve Lath; president, New York Federal Reserve Bank.
  • Thomas J. Watson Jr. 1963–1970?[lxxx] – president of IBM, 1952–1971.
  • James Wolfensohn – former president of the World Bank.
  • George D. Woods 1961–1967? – president of the Earth Bank, 1963–1968.
  • Võ Tòng Xuân, 2002–2010, vice president for bookish affairs, Tan Tao University, Ho Chi Minh City; former rector of An Giang University, the 2d university in Vietnam's Mekong Delta.
  • Owen D. Immature 1928–1939 – chairman of GE, 1922–1939, 1942–1945.

Scandal [edit]

Bristol-Myers Squibb, Johns Hopkins University and the Rockefeller Foundation are currently the field of study of a $one billion lawsuit from Guatemala for "roles in a 1940s U.Due south. government experiment that infected hundreds of Guatemalans with syphilis".[81] A previous adapt confronting the United states of america government was dismissed in 2011 for the Guatemala syphilis experiments when a judge determined that the U.Southward. authorities could not be held liable for actions committed exterior of the U.S.[82]

Presidents [edit]

  • John D. Rockefeller, Jr. – 11 February 1913 – six Nov 1917
  • George E. Vincent – 6 November 1917 – 20 September 1929; member of the John D. Rockefeller/Frederick T. Gates General Education Board (1914–1929)[83]
  • Max Stonemason – twenty September 1929 – 30 May 1936
  • Raymond B. Fosdick – thirty May 1936 – 22 Baronial 1948; brother of American clergyman Harry Emerson Fosdick
  • Chester Barnard – 22 August 1948 – 17 July 1952; Bell Arrangement executive and author of landmark 1938 volume, The Functions of the Executive
  • Dean Rusk – 17 July 1952 – 19 Jan 1961; United states of america Secretary of Land from 1961 to 1969
  • J. George Harrar – 20 Jan 1961 – 3 October 1972; found pathologist, "mostly regarded as the male parent of 'the Dark-green Revolution.'"[84]
  • John Hilton Knowles – three October 1972 – 31 December 1979; dr., general director of the Massachusetts General Hospital (1962–1971).[85]
  • Richard Lyman – 1 January 1980 – eleven January 1988; president of Stanford University (1970–1980).
  • Peter Goldmark, Jr. – 11 January 1988 – 31 Dec 1997; erstwhile executive director of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.[86]
  • Gordon Conway – 1 Jan 1998 – 31 December 2004; an agricultural ecologist and former president of the Royal Geographical Society.
  • Judith Rodin - 1 January 2005 – 1 March 2017; former president of the University of Pennsylvania, and provost, chair of the Section of Psychology, Yale Academy.
  • Rajiv Shah - 1 March 2017 -, distinguished fellow in residence, Georgetown Academy; previously administrator of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) from 2010 to 2015.

See as well [edit]

  • Asia Society
  • Association Internationale Africaine
  • CGIAR
  • Eugenics in the United States
  • Industrial relations
  • Philanthropy
  • Philanthropy in the United States
  • Rockefeller Brothers Fund
  • Rockefeller family
  • Social sciences

References [edit]

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  3. ^ "Visitor Overview of The Rockefeller Foundation". Businessweek. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
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  5. ^ "Foundation Stats". The Foundation Middle. Oct 2014. Retrieved 2017-08-14 .
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  7. ^ "Rockefeller Foundation | Development Co-operation Profiles – Rockefeller Foundation | OECD iLibrary". world wide web.oecd-ilibrary.org . Retrieved 2021-05-xi .
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  9. ^ Gelles, David, "Rockefeller Foundation Picks Rajiv J. Shah, a Trustee, equally President", The New York Times, January 4, 2017. Retrieve 2017-01-04.
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  37. ^ Theiler, Max; Downs, West. G. (1973). The Arthropod-Borne Viruses of Vertebrates: An Account of The Rockefeller Foundation Virus Program, 1951–1970. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. xvii, xx. ISBN0-300-01508-9.
  38. ^ "Charities Try to Proceed Up With the Gateses" The New York Times, 2007
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  44. ^ Friedland, Martin 50. (2002). The University of Toronto : a history. Toronto [u.a.]: Univ. of Toronto Printing. ISBN0-8020-4429-8.
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  53. ^ "You've probably never heard of CGIAR, but they are essential to feeding our future". gatesnotes.com . Retrieved 2020-05-18 .
  54. ^ "العاب فلاش برق". www.biotech-info.net.
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  56. ^ "A century of innovation? Philanthropy and the African growth story". Archived from the original on 2017-03-21. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  57. ^ The Bellagio Center. The Rockefeller Foundation. Retrieved on 2013-08-24.
  58. ^ a b c d eastward Scalway, Thomas (2003). "Missing the Message? xx Years of Learning from HIV/AIDS". Panos Establish: 21.
  59. ^ "Metropolis Resilience". 100 Resilient Cities. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
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  65. ^ "Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts". www.aboutlincolncenter.org . Retrieved 2017-11-09 .
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  67. ^ "Lincoln Center Cultural Innovation Fund Awards Innovation Fund Grants". Philanthropy News Digest (PND) . Retrieved 2017-11-09 .
  68. ^ Share portfolio – see Waldemar Nielsen The Large Foundations, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972. (p.72)
  69. ^ Kaiser, David; Wasserman, Lee (December 8, 2016). "The Rockefeller Family Fund vs. Exxon". The New York Review of Books . Retrieved February 27, 2018.
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  71. ^ Egan, Matt (December 18, 2020). "Exclusive: A $5 billion foundation literally founded on oil money is proverb goodbye to fossil fuels". CNN.com . Retrieved December twenty, 2020.
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  73. ^ "Global Forum on Human Development" (1999). As model for United nations organizations, pp.64-5.
  74. ^ [1], foundation webpage plus associated bio pages on members. Retrieved 2020-07-27.
  75. ^ a b "Rockefeller Foundation Elects 5", "The New York Times" 28, May 1989. Retrieved on four January 2019.
  76. ^ Pace, Eric (12 Jan 2003). "C. Douglas Dillon Dies at 93; Was in Kennedy Cabinet". New York Times.
  77. ^ "Notes on People". New York Times. 15 May 1971.
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  79. ^ Parameswaran, Prashanth, "Approachable ASEAN Chief's Farewell Bout", The Diplomat, Dec 19, 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-27.
  80. ^ RF Annual Report 1969, p. Vi. Retrieved 2011-01-09.
  81. ^ "Johns Hopkins, Bristol-Myers must face $1 billion syphilis infections adjust". Reuters. 4 January 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2020.
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  85. ^ John Hilton Knowles Papers, The Rockefeller Archive Eye. Retrieved 2011-01-09.
  86. ^ Teltsch, Kathleen, "Rockefeller Foundation Selects a New President", The New York Times, May 8, 1988. Goldmark was son of Peter Carl Goldmark. Encounter Blumenthal, Ralph, "Remembering the Travel Scandal at the Port Authority", The New York Times Urban center Room web log, June 24, 2008. Both retrieved 2011-01-09.

Bibliography [edit]

  • Berman, Edward H. The Ideology of Philanthropy: The influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller foundations on American foreign policy, New York: Land University of New York Press, 1983.
  • Brown, E. Richard, Rockefeller Medicine Men: Medicine and Capitalism in America, Berkeley: Academy of California Press, 1979.
  • Chernow, Ron, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr., London: Warner Books, 1998.
  • Dowie, Mark, American Foundations: An Investigative History, Boston: The MIT Press, 2001.
  • Farley, John. To Cast Out Disease: A History of the International Wellness Sectionalisation of the Rockefeller Foundation (1913–1951) (2005)
  • Fisher, Donald, Central Evolution of the Social Sciences: Rockefeller Philanthropy and the United states Social Science Inquiry Council, Michigan: University of Michigan Printing, 1993.
  • Fosdick, Raymond B., John D. Rockefeller, Jr., A Portrait, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956.
  • Fosdick, Raymond B., The Story of the Rockefeller Foundation, New York: Transaction Publishers, Reprint, 1989.
  • Harr, John Ensor, and Peter J. Johnson. The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America'southward Greatest Family. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988.
  • Harr, John Ensor, and Peter J. Johnson. The Rockefeller Conscience: An American Family unit in Public and in Individual, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1991.
  • Jonas, Gerald. The Circuit Riders: Rockefeller Money and the Ascension of Modern Science. New York: Westward.W. Norton and Co., 1989.
  • Kay, Lily, The Molecular Vision of Life: Caltech, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Rise of the New Biology, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  • Lawrence, Christopher. Rockefeller Money, the Laboratory and Medicine in Edinburgh 1919–1930: New Scientific discipline in an Onetime State, Rochester Studies in Medical History, University of Rochester Press, 2005.
  • Nielsen, Waldemar, The Big Foundations, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1973.
  • Nielsen, Waldemar A., The Gilded Donors, E. P. Dutton, 1985. Chosen Foundation "unimaginative ... lacking leadership and 'slouching toward senility.'"
  • Palmer, Steven, Launching Global Wellness: The Caribbean Odyssey of the Rockefeller Foundation, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2010.
  • Rockefeller, David, Memoirs, New York: Random House, 2002.
  • Shaplen, Robert, Toward the Well-Being of Flesh: Fifty Years of the Rockefeller Foundation, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1964.
  • Theiler, Max and Downs, W. Yard., The Arthropod-Borne Viruses of Vertebrates: An Account of The Rockefeller Foundation Virus Program, 1951–1970. (1973) Yale Academy Press. New Oasis and London. ISBN 0-300-01508-9.
  • Tournès, Ludovic. "American membership of the League of Nations: US philanthropy and the transformation of an intergovernmental organisation into a think tank." International Politics 55.6 (2018): 852–869.
  • Uy, Michael Sy. Enquire the Experts: How Ford, Rockefeller, and the NEA Changed American Music, (Oxford University Press, 2020) 270pp.
  • Rockefeller Foundation 990

Further reading [edit]

  • CFR Website – Standing the Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996 The history of the council by Peter Grose, a quango member – mentions financial support from the Rockefeller foundation.
  • Interview with Norman Dodd An investigation of a hidden agenda within taxation-free foundations, including the Rockefeller Foundation (Video).
  • Foundation Heart: Top l US Foundations by full giving
  • New York Times: Rockefeller Foundation Elects five – Including Alan Alda and Peggy Dulany
  • SFGate.com: "Eugenics and the Nazis: the California Connection"
  • Press for Conversion! magazine, Issue # 53: "Facing the Corporate Roots of American Fascism," Bryan Sanders, Coalition to Oppose the Arms Trade, March 2004

External links [edit]

  • Media related to Rockefeller Foundation at Wikimedia Commons
  • Rockefeller Foundation website, including a timeline
  • Hookworm and malaria enquiry in Malaya, Coffee, and the Republic of the fiji islands Islands; study of Uncinariasis commission to the Orient, 1915–1917 The Rockefeller foundation, International health board. New York 1920

Coordinates: 40°45′03″North 73°59′00″W  /  40.75083°Northward 73.98333°Westward  / 40.75083; -73.98333

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation

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